Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay - 1786 Words

The apparent increase in the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States has been a growing public concern. The lifelong condition can cause severe neurodevelopmental problems characterized by symptoms such as impaired communication, diminished social interaction, and unusual ritualistic behaviors (Johnson, Handen, Zimmer, Sacco, Turner, 2010). Unfortunately, doctors and researchers have not been able to agree on the direct cause for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or ways to treat the various conditions on the Spectrum. With little definitive information, families affected by ASD seek alternative interventions. One of the more popular interventions is based off the hypothesis that â€Å"the physiology and psychology of autism might be explained by excessive opioid activity† due to gluten and casein (Millward, Ferriter, Calver, Connell-Jones, 2008). According to research, people with ASD can have excess levels of gluten and casein peptides in their urine and s pinal fluid; this is attributed to â€Å"abnormally porous intestinal membrane(s)† (Whiteley, Rodgers, Savery Shattock, 1999; Knvisberg, Reichelt, Hà ¸ien, Nà ¸dland, 2002). Because gluten and casein are not properly digested in children with ASD, the peptides can enter the circulatory and central nervous systems. From there, research suggests that the peptides bind to opioid receptors, disrupting brain chemistry, thereby impairing cognitive function. In accordance with this hypothesis, some promote aShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorders Prevalence766 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Prevalence Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) refers to a group of developmental brain disorders that affect a child’s cognitive, behavioral, and social abilities (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are several forms of ASD that have different impairments and levels of severity. Recent research has been looking at the increased prevalence of ASD and possible causes of this increase. In attempts to determine reasons for the increased prevalence of ASD, Schieve et al. examinedRead MorePrevalence Of Depression And Autism Spectrum Disorder1334 Words   |  6 Pages Prevalence of Depression in Individuals with Low to High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder Kelvin Davis PSY 1022 Monday, October 14, 2013 Wednesday 8:00 am Word Countâ€Æ' Abstract Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are quite vulnerable to anxiety and depression, especially in late adolescence and early adult life (Tantum Prestwood, 1999). In accordance with a study sampling children between 7 and 13 years of age (Vickerstaff, Heriot, Wong, Lopes Dossetor,Read MoreIn Recent Years, The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1357 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased greatly (Nevison 2014). For example, in 2000 the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network estimated about 1 in 150 children had ASD. Six years later in 2006, the prevalence increased to about 1 in every 110 children and then most recently in 2012 to 1 in 68 children. According to the CDC (2008) autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability. With the growing prevalence of autism, the society hasRead MoreThe Increasing Prevalence in Autism Spectrum Disorders1155 Words   |  5 Pages Autism is a mental condition that can occur in children from birth but is diagnosed in early infancy or early childhood. It is a complex neurobiological disorder that typically lasts throughout the lifetime of a person. It can be considered as a spectrum of disorders characterized by severe developmental deficiencies that can affect socialization, communication, emotional development and can cause repetitive or unusual behaviors. The ranges of the symptoms are mild to severe. There is a milder formRead MoreAutism Is A Matter Of Passionate National Debate1197 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction: †¢ In the past two decades or so, autism has changed from being a condition nobody had even heard about to widely recognized mental health condition. Due to widespread use of internet, social media and smartphones everybody knows something about autism. Just searching for autism in Google brings up more than 68 million results. Autism has become a matter of passionate national debate among different stake holders such as government, public health agencies, mental health associationsRead MoreAutism And Childhood Of Autism Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesexplored of all youth psychiatric disorders, Autism continues to be a captivating condition. The conception and description of the disorder has evolved significantly over time leaving some philosophies once held with principle to later verify to be unproven. Scientists and clinicians have provided the highest influences to the understanding of the illness, however, history does illustrate countless teachings and initial interpreta tions of a possible genesis of autism to be uncertain. The socio-politicalRead MoreInside Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a number of deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interaction with others, and other behaviors. Usually diagnosed in early infancy, this disorder is the most impairing and severe of the neurodevelopmental disorders. Before the publishing and release of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), Autism Spectrum disorder could be diagnosedRead MoreIntroduction To Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at whatRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a development al disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MorePrevalence Of Autism Essay949 Words   |  4 Pages The Increasing Prevalence of Autism Autism, or autism spectrum disorders (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disability that is characterized by deficits in two behavioral areas: communication and social, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 1 in 88 children had an ASD in 2008 (CDC 2012), and in 2010 the prevalence increased to 1 in 68 children (McCarthy). Could the increase in prevalence of ASD be attributed to environmental factors;

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Lanthanides and Actinides - 2101 Words

Lanthanides and Actinides The lanthanides and the actinides make up the f block of the periodic table. The lanthanides are the elements produced as the 4f sub level is filled with electrons and the actinides are formed while filling the 5f sub level Some significant similarities and differences between lanthanides and actinides are observed. The two rows that are generally placed underneath the main periodic table are called the lanthanides series and the actinides series. These two rows are produced when electrons are being added to f orbitals. Therefore this block of elements are referred to as the f block. The lanthanides are also occasionally referred to the rare earth elements. Lanthanide and Actinide Series Back to Top†¦show more content†¦This is due to shielding of the unpaired electrons of the inner 4f-orbital by the outer 5s, 5p, and 5d orbitals. Due to the small change in size of the ions, they show great similarity in their chemical properties. The first few members are quite reactive. A few properties are given below. †¢ All lanthanides react rapidly upon exposure to air. †¢ They dissolve in hot water and react with acid with liberating hydrogen. †¢ They act as a strong reducing agent because of the strong electro positive nature †¢ They form the nitrides and hydrides after reacting with nitrogen and hydrogen respectively. †¢ They also react with non-metals like halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon and silicon and form their corresponding compounds. Lanthanide Contraction Back to Top The atomic size or ionic radii of tri positive lanthanide ions show a steady and gradual decrease with the increase in atomic number from La to Lu. Although they show some irregularities but ionic radii decrease steadily from La to Lu. This gradual decreasing in the size with increasing atomic number is called lanthanide contraction. Cause of lanthanide contraction The major cause for lanthanide contraction is due to the inappropriate shielding of the 4f electrons due to the improper shape of the f-orbitals. As the atomic number increases in lanthanide series, for every proton in the nucleus the extra electronShow MoreRelatedRobert Boyle And The Noble Gases1238 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovered by Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh. The noble gases were added to the periodic table in a group labeled 0. Eventually in 1945, Glenn Seaborg discovered and identified lanthanides and actinides. The Lanthanides were the elements with atomic numbers greater than 57 and lower than 71. The Actinides were elements greater than 92. These elements today are located underneath the periodic table (refer to figure 1). The last major change to the periodic table occurred in the 20th centuryRead MoreHistory Of The Periodic Table1129 Words   |  5 Pageselements were discovered by Glenn Seaborg. Glenn Seaborg’s completion of the actinide series all owed him to redesign the periodic table into its current, modern day form. The lanthanide and actinide series were placed underneath the rest of the periodic table. The elements should be placed between alkaline earth metals and the transition metals however because the table would become too wide the actinide and lanthanide series were placed the underneath the periodic table. Dr. Seaborg and his colleaguesRead MorePeriodic Table Research Paper : Madison1252 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, some sources say there are nine families. These families include, Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth metals, Transition metals, Other metals, Metalloids, Non-metals, Halogens, Noble gases, and rare earth which can be grouped into either Lanthanides or Actinides. Each family has different characteristics. Elements in the non metals include, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Selenium. These elements do not conduct electricity or heat very easily and they are also very brittleRe ad MoreThe Periodic Table Of Elements1123 Words   |  5 Pageselements were discovered by Glenn Seaborg. Glenn Seaborg’s completion of the actinide series allowed him to redesign the periodic table into its current, modern day form. The lanthanide and actinide series were placed underneath the rest of the periodic table. The elements should be placed between alkaline earth metals and the transition metals however because the table would become too wide the actinide and lanthanide series were placed the underneath the periodic table. Dr. Seaborg and his colleaguesRead MorePeriodic Table By Robert Boyle1720 Words   |  7 Pagesput into a group, which was labeled 0 on the periodic table. Eventually two new kinds of groups were added to the periodic table in 1894. A scientist named Glenn Seaborg figured out and discovered the groupings of actinides, having atomic numbers between 57 and 71, and lanthanides, having atomic numbers more than 92. Today, these elements can only be found in one location of the table of periodic elements, beneath the table (refer to figure 1). Mr. Seaborg did amazing work with the table of elementsRead MorePhysics Of The Periodic Table1506 Words   |  7 Pagesadding something called the actinide series. Seaborg s actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, hypothesising that the actinides shapes a transition series which is equivalent to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, today this series is well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block or the 5f series. In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an internal electron is being filled. The actinide series includes the elementsRead MoreThe Importance Of The Conversion Of Lower Energy Light897 Words   |  4 Pagesrare-earth metals of the lanthanides as well as yttrium, and scandium; however, some transition metals and actinides can also display this effect[2]. Lanthanide ions display special inner-shell arrangements of 4fn 5d0-1, which allow for unique energy levels and provide shielding from the outer shells[2]. Due to their various f-orbital configurations, lanthanide ions are able to display very sharp luminescence emissions via intra-4f or 4f-4d tra nsitions[2,3]. The importance of the lanthanide ions is evidentRead MoreDmitri Mendeleev Original Periodic Table Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pagesthe table may be shaded different colours to distinguish different chemical families, the table does not have a key/legend explaining them. Benfey has displayed a small amount of electron configuration, as the Transition Metals and the Lanthanides and Actinides create curves because they are in the ‘d’ and ‘f’ blocks on the modern Periodic Table. â€Æ' Modern Periodic Table Modern Periodic Table - PMI Plus Minus Interesting Facts Elements in this table are arrangedRead MoreTask 1a Periodic Table Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesGroup 7= Halogen family Group 8= Noble gases Rare earth materials Some earth materials are radioactive. The earths that are rare are silvery white. Thirty rare earth elements are unmoved in the actinide and lanthanide series. In the lanthanide series the one element is the most of the elements in the actinide series that are called trans- uranium which then means man- made. Period Each horizontal is called a period the elements in the period are not alike. The first element in each period is extremelyRead MoreChapter One Of The Disappearing Spoon1894 Words   |  8 Pagesperiod number of an element. Page 26 of The Disappearing Spoon ties into learning goal 21, 22, and 30. This page discusses about the f block. The f block is made up of the lanthanides and actinides. Lanthanides and actinides are the two rows at the bottom of the periodic table. Lanthanides are the elements at the top while actinides are the elements at the bottom. Page 28 of The Disappearing Spoon ties into learning goals 1, 2, 18, and 29. This page discusses on the nuclear decay which is the process

Monday, December 9, 2019

Commercial Hospitality is Just an Extension of Hospitality

Question: Discuss about theCommercial Hospitality is Just an Extension of Hospitality. Answer: Introduction: Hospitality is not a very easy concept it is very difficult to define. There are various definitions suggested by different authors and they suggest that hospitality is both a commercial activity as well as a social activity. But it becomes quite important to know the dominant theme of hospitality. According Brotherton hospitality means the contemporaneous human exchange that is entered in to voluntarily and it is designed in such a way that it helps in enhancing the mutual benefits of the various parties that are concerned through the provision of food or drink and accommodation.(Brotherton 1999) On the other hand hospitality is seen as an overlap of the three domains according to Lashley that includes commercial, private and social domains. Thus it can be said that the hospitality is a broad concept in which various forms like domestic, social, private and commercial are included. The essay below highlights that though the hospitality is held by commercial hospitality but it holds common values and themes as the hospitality in the home but its not just an extension rather than its seen as its own domain. While describing the hospitality in the commercial context it can be said that hospitality is the balanced and the formal system of exchange where various institutions like the restaurants and hotels provide hospitality that are not personal. According to Wood there is a difference between the commercial hospitality and the hospitality at the home as it does not involves giving the personal drinks, food and accommodation of the host rather than it is a impersonal exchange that involves monetary exchange. According to OGorman commercial hospitality has been traced long back to 2000AD through the research of various Mesopotamia when at that time various Inns and Hotels were found and they were controlled according to the laws of that time. (Lashley 2000)Hospitality in the commercial nature of the modern time reflects the large hotels and the beverage and food outlets that were also discovered in the cities of Pompeii. (King 1995) According to the literature it has been found that durin g the 400BC the commercial hospitality was considered very important for bringing the tourists and the traders to the various cities for earning the revenue as hospitality was the main source of revenue at that time. While examining the commercial hospitality it has been found that it was quite different from the domestic hospitality. There were various beverages, accommodations and food due to which different tourists were attracted and it served the integral needs of the travelers and was considered important for the business. (Domenico 2007) Earlier the commercial hospitality was available for those who had no connection with the private hospitality of for those who were privileged inadequately for receiving the hospitality of the state. But, according to Muhlamann it was found that hospitality was compared with the various other forms of the hospitality. There was a large amount of literature that was judgmental that was found while reviewing the history and the evolution of the commercial hospitality and it was found to be very uncommon. One of the very important point to note here is that the commercial hospitality did not came out of blue and it existed for around 4,000 years and it was practiced separately and distinctly from the domestic hospitality.(Lovitt 2011) There has been a lot of change in the motives and nature of the hospitality with the passage of time that has helped in evolving different societies but still there is a need of in breadth definition of the same. (Lugosi 2008)There have been three domains that have been examined by the Lashley that includes private, social and commercial domains. Under the social hospitality domain the hospitality and the act of hospitableness takes place in the collective manner and there are various influence of different social forces on the production of accommodation, food and drinks. There is a social bond that is formed between the hosts and the guests in the social hospitality in the context of social gatherings that includes the various functions and weddings. There is a development and the satisfaction of various social needs that creates the togetherness feelings. According to Thio, being together is the most important thing no matter there is a meal or not.(Lugosi 2009) According to the explanation given by Lashley it has been found that the domestic or the private domain involves the motives of nurturing for the people that are serving the cook, creating safe environment and making beds creating accommodation etc. There is a symbolic tie that is created with the act of friendship while sharing the hospitality that further creates the moral responsibility towards the guests that is receiving the hospitality for returning the favor and is persuaded to host another occasion. (MacCannell 2000)While on the other hand in the case of domestic hospitality there is no financial repayment involved on the host. The various values were advocated by Morrison that includes social duty of care, kinship that originated from the home hospitality and is found in the commercial or social hospitality. According to Lashley it is said that there is some expectation that is shaped from the domestic hospitality for the commercial and social activities and hence there is c onnection that exists between the three domains.(Morrison 2001) According to Thio though there is a connection between the three domains of the hospitality there is still an important distinction between the commercial hospitality and the hospitality in general. The distinction lies between the host guest relationship and the money involved. (Muhlmann 2000)There is a special kind of relationship between the guest and host relationship in which the host knows by what exactly will the host be pleased and that helps in enhancing the comfort level of the guests while delivering there flawless service to the guest. There is a monetary exchange in the commercial hospitality while there is a friendship in the domestic hospitality. So, it can be said there is a different type of guest host relationship that develops in the commercial hospitality as the consumers are required to pay if they want to use the services and in return it is the obligation of the host to provide best services for meeting the expectations of the guests. Due to the involvement of money in the commercial hospitality the commercial hospitality is seen in its own domain.(OGorman 2009) The example of this could be taken of the Sebel Hotel that is located in the Surry Hills in Sydney that provides surprise and birthday cake to their guests on their special days. In this hotel the staff personally delivers the cake and sings happy birthday song for their guests. At times they are also given a champagne and complimentary room. This incorporation of the birthday cake and surprise reflects the domestic domain and helps in building the sincere and emotional engagement with the guests. It is found by the hotel that this gesture is highly appreciated by the guests and they return and spread a positive word of mouth. Moreover it can be found that the modern hospitality has also been becoming popular and it is granting an opportunity for the success.(Pandya 2012) Whereas home is a place of residence, refuge and safety that may be connected to a geographical location. The home spaces are becoming very flexible these days due to various technological innovations that is increasing the merger of leisure and work. While the commercial home is a tourism context and a leisure that includes the range of small businesses that are occupied by the owner. Under these circumstances it can be argued that the commercial homes are the extension of hospitality at the home. Thus, it can be said that the commercial homes is a merger of two of the domains of the private homes that is the private and the commercial. These days the hotels provide fewer facilities rather then that they have become functional places. And more over there are many people who are transforming their homes to the replica hotels for bringing in the aspect of fantasy in the home life.(Thio 2005) Conclusion At last it can be concluded that the hospitality activities have three parts that are private, social and commercial. All these activities are distinct individually while the values attached with these activities are same that is the duty of care, kinship and hospitableness. There have been various changes in the commercial hospitality due to which it is viewed as impersonal financial exchange. The main difference that is considered between the commercial hospitality and the home hospitality is the relationship of the guest and the host. There is a friendly relationship in the home hospitality while in the commercial hospitality there is a monetary exchange involved. Thus, it can be found that the commercial hospitality is found very distinctive from the home hospitality and is found in its own domain but not as an extension of hospitality in the home.(Wood 2000) Bibliography Brotherton, B 1999, 'Towards a definitive view of the nature of hospitality and hospitality management', International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol vol. 11, no. 6., pp. pp. 165 173. Domenico, MLP 2007, 'Host/Guest Encounters in the Commercial Home', Judge Business School University of Cambridge, vol 26, no. 3, pp. 321-338. King, CA 1995, 'What is Hospitality?', International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol 14, no. 3, pp. 219-234. Lashley, C 2000, 'Towards a theoretical understanding, In Search of Hospitality: ', Theoretical Perspectives and Debates, vol 22, no. 1, pp. 1-17. Lovitt, R 2011, Extended-stay hotels a home away from home. Lugosi, P 2008, 'Hospitalihospitable moments: consumer encounters and affective experiences in commercial settings', Journal of Foodservice, vol vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 139 149. Lugosi, P 2009, ' The Production of Hospitable Space: Commercial Propositions and Consumer Co-Creation in a Bar Operation', Journal of Space and Culture, vol 12, no. 4, pp. 396 411. MacCannell, D 2000, 'Tourist and the new community', Annals of Tourism Research, vol 4, no. 4, pp. 208 215. Morrison, A 2001, 'Entrepreneurs transcend time: a biographic analysis', Management Decision, vol 39, no. 9, pp. 784 790. Muhlmann, W 2000, Hospitality, Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Macmillan, New York. OGorman, K 2009, 'Origins of the commercial hospitality industry: from the fanciful to factual', International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol 21, no. 1, pp. 777 790. Pandya, Y 2012, Hospitality sector calling: A home away from home, viewed 26 August 2016, https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/1741974/column-hospitality-sector-calling-a-home-away-from-home. Thio, S 2005, 'Understanding hospitality activities: social, private, and commercial domain', Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan, vol 1, no. 1, pp. 1-5. Wood, R 2000, Some Theoretical perspectives on hospitality, Chichester, New York.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Slavery Essays (550 words) - Slavery In The United States, Slavery

Slavery In America Slavery in America thrived and continued to grow because there was a scarcity of labor. Cultivation of crops on plantations could be supervised while slaves used simple routines to harvest them, the low price at which slaves could be bought, and earning profits as a bonus for not having to pay hired work. But in the beginning half of the 19th century a strong push for slavery's final straw was coming. The people of the South tended to be more genteel, and seemed not quite adjusted to hard work, but more to giving orders. The idea of telling people how to do their work just seemed to fit all too well into this scenario. Slaves lived under virtually unsuitable conditions. Douglass' account of a slave's life told of the trying times on the plantation. An allowance was given to the workers. A monthly allowance consisted of mostly of pork and corn meal but also some money. Yearly slaves were given clothes, a couple shirts, and two pairs of pants-one pair of pants for winter and one pair for the other times of the year. They were not given beds to sleep on but rather a blanket for the floor. On top of lack of basic necessities slaves were forced to work around the clock. If they were not at their total output for the minute their owners they would be forced by the whip and "encouraged" to work harder, as an owner might feel. They were always subject to profanity from their masters and treated more like horses. Just like horses they were bred to be strong, in the mindset of outputSlave owners would also sexually take advantage of women slaves. Slaves turned to freedom for more than this reason though. Some were obsessed with being free and living a life where they were not told how to live-and who wouldn't be? Then there were some that were treated so cruelly, that it forced them to run just to stay alive. Since coming to America as slaves even back as far back as when the first colonies began, slaves wanted to escape. They wanted to get away from the situation they were forced into. The North was angry about the treatment of the slaves and was not happy about owners being allowed to come into their states to take the slaves back. It is amazing there were not more slave uprisings. But finally, the North decided to do something about it. They would help the slaves escape to freedom. The slaves were now angry, scared, and confused. Hearing of the Underground Railroad, they slowly began to run more and more. But in the North there was still a very strong double standard. Prejudice and discrimination ran freely against blacks, they were not given all rights of the white man or women for that matter. Professions for blacks were very limited. So leaving the plantation for the North wasn't as appealing as one might think for a slave. Plantation owners went to great lengths to keep their slaves from leaving. They had trained dogs that would attack at an instant if called upon. If slave would manage to get far enough away from the dogs, bounty hunters would be sent after them still. The North was not as bad as the South but at least the Southerners were not hypocrites. Although plantations were reaping the profits more than ever, this constant pressure was setting the stage for change and change was going to have enormous expenses.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

The Legalization of Marijuana essays

The Legalization of Marijuana essays With the increase in the number of middle-class users of marijuana in the 1960s and 1970s, there came a somewhat greater acceptance of the view that marijuana should not be considered in the same class as narcotics and that U.S. marijuana laws should be relaxed. The Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 1970 eased federal penalties somewhat, and 11 states decriminalized possession. However, in the late 1980s most states rewrote their drug laws and imposed stricter penalties. People who would choose to keep marijuana illegal are saying that it is an intoxicant less controllable than alcohol, and that our drug-using society does not need another widely used intoxicant. They fight against this despite the efforts worldwide of people studying the medical uses of marijuana. The first and most basic reason that marijuana should be legal is that there is no good reason for it not to be legal. Some people ask 'why should marijuana be legalized?" but they should be asking "Why should marijuana be illegal?" From a philosophical point of view, individuals deserve the right to make choices for themselves. The government only has a right to limit those choices if the individual's actions endanger someone else. This should not apply to marijuana, because the individual who choose to use marijuana do so according to his or her own free will. The government also may have a right to limit individual actions if the actions pose a significant threat to the individual. But this argument does not apply to marijuana because marijuana is far less dangerous than some drugs which are legal, such as alcohol and tobacco. How many times have you heard of a high driver killing somebody and how many times have you heard of a drunk driver killing somebody? Guess which of the two substances are legal. Marijuana can be used as a medicine. There is an abundance of anecdotal evidence, as well as scientific research, which supports the belief that marijuana can be effect ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Take 20 Hours and Become an Expert in Anything [VIDEO]

Take 20 Hours and Become an Expert in Anything [VIDEO] It doesn’t take 10,000 hours to learn a new skill. It takes 20. And here’s how†¦ Josh Kaufman, author of The Personal MBA, has demystified Malcolm Gladwell’s famous â€Å"10,000† (supposedly the amount of time you need to invest in acquiring a new skill). He says you can achieve the same mastery in 45 minutes a day, for a month.Here’s the path to learning.1. Deconstruct the skillDecide what you actually want to be able to do, and break it down into manageable parts. Do some research and figure out what the people who succeed at this skill had to learn along the way and where you can learn it too! Do you need to sign up for a class, or lessons, or tackle a reading list? Invest in some equipment or supplies?2. Learn enough to self-correct. Learn just enough that you can actually tell when you’re making a mistake.This is where a teacher comes in handy, whether it’s one-on-one or in a class setting. If your desired skill is a musical or dance-based one, this probably means a lot of listening and watching to pros performing so you learn to tell the difference between a good performance and a great one. Perhaps even record yourself so you can rewatch and examine your technique for improvement.3. Remove practice barriers: i.e. remove distractions, yes, like you, Internet.Other common barriers include pets, children, day jobs (ok, maybe you just need breaks or a little alone time, not a full removal). There are a ton of productivity apps that might come in handy here- Pomodoro helps you time, apps like Self-Control (mac) and Freedom (PC) block all web access from your computer, and leaving your technology outside to go practice hula hooping is its own reward.4. Practice at least 20 hours. Finally, yep, practice for 20 hours.It’s inescapable- whether it’s 20 hours or 10,000, at a certain point there’s nothing to do but spend time practicing the thing you want to learn to love to do. Pace yourself , take breaks, but otherwise, stick to it!

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Impact of collaborative learning Research Paper

Impact of collaborative learning - Research Paper Example I have examined the impact of collaborative learning on students by use of simple regression analysis. The results indicate that collaborative learning had a positive effect on the performance of students. The study shows the proportion of collaborative learning to performance. The study also highlights areas of further study. Although the traditional classroom learning has it advantages, it is very imperative for a school to adopt collaborative learning as this will develop the students academically and socially (Inaja & Eraywoke, 2010, p.46). Introduction Collaborative learning is a scenario where individuals engage in learning mutually through taking part in discussions. It involves individuals learning together and taking advantages of each other skills, experience and resources. Collaborative learning is also a tutoring technique in which learners at different performance stages learn together in small groups toward a universal objective. On the other hand, traditional classroom is the process of learning where teachers give knowledge by use of lectures. The students are passive in the classrooms, but they write the ideas down. The exchange of ideas in the discussion groups not only increase exchange of ideas, but also promote critical and creative thinking. Most of the research studies conducted have been concentrated on the primary and secondary levels. There is convincing proof that supportive groups attain at elevated levels of thinking and maintain information longer than students who labor as individuals. The mutual erudition provides learners with a chance to connect in argument, take accountability for their own knowledge, and hence become decisive thinkers. Collaborative learning is founded on the suggestion that knowledge is more proactive through social action where learners actively engage in the learning modules and learning materials. Learners will absorb knowledge more easily through connecting with each other in the group discussion. Collab orative learning will give learners an opportunity to get exposed to dissimilar and varied environment. Learners will communicate, present and support thoughts, and exchange principles that they feel need engagements (Wei-Fan & Chung-Pei, 2011, p.57). The system incorporates social interaction in studies and makes learning more enjoyable and easy to comprehend. The method takes place when students are dynamically occupied in an area where studying takes place through clear or inherent attempts. The method involves a cognitive process by which teachers act as facilitators and students as recipients of knowledge. Collaborative learning method involves the use of networks, virtual classrooms, periodic group tests, and the use of dialogue. Collaborative learning has been tested and analyzed through tools that are designed to offer students a grasp of the learning experience. Furthermore, the method ensures that students and teachers engage each other in the learning process and undertak e constructive dialogue in class. Although, the method does not

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Global Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Corporate Strategy - Essay Example In order to supply the electricity Britain needed to develop infrastructure which would allow it to export electricity all across the world (Macalister, 2010). Prior to 1989 all electricity needs of Britain and Wales was taken care by the Central Electricity Generating Board. However there was a sharp decline in power stations during the period 1958 to 1986 because of increasing technical complexities associated with the industry.With privatization and deregulation of the electricity industry in 1991, CEGB went through a massive restructuring of the organization. PowerGen was formed to take care of the non nuclear power generation. The report has been framed in the context of PowerGen. The report starts with an understanding of the terms corporate planning and strategy. It then tries to analyze the impact of changes in organizational structure on corporate planning of PoweGen. The next section deals with understanding of the core competencies and capabilities of PowerGen and how it has helped PowerGen to maintain its market share and profits. It also analyzes the core competencies and capabilities of EDF and E.ON. The report also explores the impact of privatization and deregulation on PowerGen. The report ends with understanding of the centralized nature of planning of CEGB with reference to Hofstede’s article titled â€Å"Cultural constraints in management theories†. Corporate planning involves setting the corporate goals and objectives and identifying long term plans to ensure development of the company. Corporate planning is based on macroeconomic forecasts of various economic factors which were then analyzed with regards to the organization’s performance. It is a description of various economic trends like market share, demand conditions, costs and margins, marketing trends and industry trends. In 1974 and 1979 the world was hit by oil crisis which led to macroeconomic

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Support that serotonin leads to aggressive behaviour has been found, as human and animal research suggest that serotonin levels influence aggression and violent behaviour. There seems to be a negative correlation as low levels of serotonin, increase aggressive behaviour. Although we cannot determine a causal link as the cause of aggression cannot be attributed solely to serotonin. The link between dopamine and aggression is not as clear as with serotonin. Although there does seem to be a relationship between high levels of dopamine and aggression. Dopamine is produced in response to rewarding stimuli such as food, sex and recreational drugs. Research suggests that some individuals try to find aggressive encounters because of the rewarding sensations it brings, caused by increases in dopamine. Researchers have also suggested that people can become addicted to aggression, in the same way that they become addicted to food, gambling, etc. Ferrari et al. made a rat fight for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day it was not allowed to fight. Researchers found that in anticipation of the fight the rat’s dopamine levels had raised and serotonin levels had decreased. This shows that experience had altered the rat’s brain chemistry, gearing it up for a fight. This supports the idea that both neurotransmitters are involved in aggressive behaviour and suggests a possible cognitive element in aggression i. e. the anticipation the rats experienced seemed to altar the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. It is hard to extrapolate these results from animals to humans as it is unclear whether the influence is the same for both. Hormonal mechanisms such as testosterone and cortisol, are chemicals which regulate and control body functions. It is said that hormone levels affect a person’s behaviour. An example of a hormone which affects body functions is testosterone. This hormone is found in both men and women, but in larger quantities in men. Testosterone makes aggression more likely, but there is not a causal link. Nelson found a positive correlation between levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in male and female prisoners. However these levels were not measured during the aggressive act so we cannot be sure whether hormonal levels are a causal factor. Observational studies of children have shown that they tend to become more aggressive once they enter puberty and their testosterone levels rise. Pillay found that male and female athletes involved in aggressive sports have higher levels of testosterone than those involved in non-aggressive sports. Despite these findings we can question this using the basal and reciprocal model of testosterone. Did the male and females have high levels of testosterone and so were more competitive and dominant, therefore enjoying aggressive sports as stated by the basal model of testosterone. Or were the high levels of testosterone in those involved in aggressive sports exerted due to the aggressive sports, as stated by the reciprocal model of testosterone. Whether testosterone causes aggression has not been proved, although it does have an effect on aggressive behaviour. It also plays a big role in encouraging other behaviours i. e. dominance, impulsiveness and competition. These are all adaptive behaviours in human evolution and therefore very important for our survival as species. Despite this, this is a deterministic view of human behaviour. If aggression is completely controlled by neural and hormonal levels then it follows that individuals don’t exert any free will over their actions and that their behaviour is completely determined by their biochemistry. There are many individuals who have high testosterone levels, who may choose not to act aggressively even though they may be provoked. This demonstrates how a person can exert their free will and choose to override biological impulses. By only understanding aggressive behaviour from a biological approach, these explanations can be criticised for being reductionist. Simpson argues that testosterone is just one factor linked to aggression and that the effects of environmental stimuli such as heat and overcrowding have at times been found to correlate strongly. Likewise social psychological theories of aggression, e. g. social learning theory and deindividualisation have also received a lot of research support, for example the studies conducted by Bandura and Zimbardo.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

guilty as charged :: essays research papers

In William Goldings, The Lord of the Flies, an illegal killing took place. Unlawful homicides vary from First degree murder to Manslaughter. Second Degree, murder is a killing which is deliberate and planned in combination with felonies. When Piggy had gone to Castle Rock to retrieve his glasses, he ended fighting Jack. While the boys were disputing a rock was thrown at Piggy subsequently making him fall and die. Jack then proceeded to scream to Ralph that that’s what he deserved, approving Piggy’s murder. The Jury should find Jack Merridew guilty of Second Degree Murder in the death of Piggy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Granted, Jack Merridew himself did not kill Piggy; however, he did plan to kill anyone who was in his way when stealing Piggy’s glasses. â€Å"We’ll keep along the sands. Then if he comes, we’ll do our dance again† Jack had planned to kill Ralph, just like they killed Simon in their dance, if he meddled with his plans. Piggy just happened to be the one who interfered with Jack’s plans. Jack’s followers listened to what he said, and Roger rolled the rock at Piggy, killing him. Jack never really cared for Piggy from the start. He wanted him out of his way so he could become chief; he was the only thing that kept Ralph in charge. Jack would have done anything for that position, and Piggy interfered, which resulted in his murder. Jack did plan to kill someone, and Piggy happened to be first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition, Jack treated Piggy with extreme cruelty. Jack's brutal behavior toward Piggy exposed his evil side. This could be why he wanted to kill him, as they began arguing since they had first met. Jack also felt a desire for power; Piggy would never grant him this supremacy, which led to violence either physically or verbally. After Jack let the fire go out, Piggy reprimanded him leading to frustration in Jack; â€Å"This from Piggy, and the wails of agreement from some of the hunters, drove Jack to violence. The bolting look came into his blue eyes. He took a step, and able at last to hit someone, stuck his fist into Piggy’s stomach † Jack could have hit anyone else but struck Piggy, showing his deep hatred for him. All Jack needed was the opportunity to kill Piggy, and he would have taken it just like when he punched him in the stomach.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Brindage Act 1902 Essay

1.The Brindage Act 1902 that was implemented on November 12,1902, prohibits the Filipinos to form or join groups against the US government. The Act was created in order to pacify the Filipinos so that it would be easier for the American government to execute their plans for the country. This law states that whoever continues to revolt against the Americans will be considered as thieves. Even though Americans tried to stop the activists, there were still some Filipinos like Macario Sakay that remained fighting. They were affected greatly by the law, because they cannot walk streets without getting themselves arrested. And although they had the rich people funding them from the beginning, it was stop, therefore it led to the lack of food and arms. The bandoleros continued fighting even though some of their fellow Katipuneros surrendered to the US. I consider them heroes and patriots even though it is said that the country is in a â€Å"peaceful situation†, because they were fighting for the independence they fought since the Spanish times. 2.The First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was established along with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution. This was said to be the end of the Spanish rule. First President Emilio Aguinaldo changed the revolutionary government to a dictatorial and later went back to the revolutionary government. Malolos Republic has its President, Cabinet Members and Ministers, but in my opinion, it is still premature. The departments are messed up like the Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce; Department of War and Public Works; Department of Police, Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene; Department of Finance, Manufacturing Industry. It’s as if it was hastened just so they could form departments. I also believe that if this was a successful government, it would last longer, and the Americans could have let go of us to be an independent country.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Advertisement Analysis: job for keen young school leavers

1) The advertisement uses a few methods to attract people to the job. In the add it is mentioned that they are looking for â€Å"keen young school leavers†, as there are many school graduates who are looking for a job, especially a job where the â€Å"starting pay is BD 5,000 rising to BD 9,000†. In the ad it is also mentioned that â€Å"opportunities for promotion are available†. 2) A flexible candidate would be needed to fill the job in Awali hospital as well as any hospital, because constant attention is needed so that the patients can receive the best treatment possible. the technician would be needed to ‘hook up' or fix medical and other types of equipment, like x-ray machines or even light bulbs. 3) We had in mind many options for publishing the ad. We thought about putting the ad in certain jobs magazines but after conducting a small questionnaire sometime in the past we found that the Gulf Daily News was the most read newspaper, and was read by many students which was the target audience. 4) We asked the applicants to write an application form as well as sending a supporting letter to show how much the applicant actually wants the job and also to analyse the applicant's English ability and standard. Also you can read Analysis July at the Multiplex 5) A formal interview s not sufficient to test all the wanted information, that's why we chose to test the applicants, we can also design the test to test them on anything we feel we want to test them on. 6) We issue a set of terms and conditions to our staff beforehand to guarantee that they fully understand the hospital policy and can take into account some of the benefits such as â€Å"sickness benefit scheme† which will be an added bonus. Moreover, employees know how many days holiday they get in a year and no more than what we have specially agreed on. 7) Our employees have joined a union which exists to represent and protect the interests of the their members, and to give advice and information on a whole range of issues such as: pay, pension, sick pay, conditions, holidays, hours, redundancies, training, health and safety and changes in the working practices. The big advantage for a worker is that a union can take part in â€Å"collective bargaining† this is when the union signifies the employee and offers to negotiate with the employer, discussing any unresolved issues in the workplace. Read also  Case 302 July in Multiplex 8) We emphasize our principles of equal opportunities in our advert to aim and give all individuals identical rights and opportunities regardless of who they are. In addition, we needed to follow the Sex and Discrimination Act which helps prevent any sex discrimination in the work place. We also follow the Race Relations Act that was passed in 1976 under this act no one should be discriminated against their race. We also follow the Disability Discrimination Act which was passed in 1995 overall, we believe in equal rights therefore we will take anyone, any race, any sex, whether disabled or not as long as they are dedicated to the job.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

75 Terms Pertaining to Color

75 Terms Pertaining to Color 75 Terms Pertaining to Color 75 Terms Pertaining to Color By Mark Nichol This post lists numerous nouns and adjectives that describe or pertain to qualities of color, plus brief definitions. 1. ablaze: bright and full of light or color 2. bleached: washed out as a result of exposure to chemicals or sunlight 3. bold: very bright, clear, or strong in color 4. brash: contrasting vividly 5. bright: filled with light, or having a light but strong color 6. brilliant: very bright 7. chatoyant: having a changeable color 8. chroma: purity of color 9. color scheme: combination of colors used in a design 10. colorful: distinguished by bright colors or many colors 11. colorless: lacking color 12. complementary: matching well 13. contrast: differences in color or light 14. cool: containing blue or green 15. dappled: marked with spots of color or light 16. dark: heavily saturated 17. deep: see dark 18. delicate: a charming or dainty quality 19. depth: brightness of a color 20. discolored: see faded 21. dusty: dark or dull 22. faded: lacking brilliance or freshness 23. fast: resistant to fading 24. fauve: see vivid 25. festive: bright and cheerful 26. fiery: very bright red, orange, or yellow, or a combination of two or three of these colors 27. flamboyant: brightly or elaborately colorful 28. flaming: bright or glowing red, orange, or yellow 29. fluorescent: very bright and reflective 30. gay: see brilliant 31. glowing: see bright and warm 32. ground: color used as a base in painting 33. harmonious: pleasantly complementary 34. harsh: excessively bright 35. hue: color 36. intensity: see chroma 37. iridescent: showing various colors in different types of light or from different angles 38. light: pale or minimally saturated 39. loud: ostentatiously bright 40. matching: of the same color 41. medium: between light and dark 42. mellow: clear, warm, and soft 43. monochrome: made of one color or of shades of one color 44. monotone: uniform 45. multicolored: consisting of many colors 46. muted: soft, not bright 47. nacreous: see iridescent 48. neutral: not bright or strong 49. opalescent: see iridescent 50. pastel: pale and soft 51. pearlescent: see iridescent 52. psychedelic: very bright, with busy patterns 53. pure: clear, unmixed 54. rich: deep, vivid 55. riot: disorderly or random 56. saturation: see chroma 57. shade: a variation of a color caused by the addition of black 58. sickly: unpleasantly pale 59. sober: plain, not bright 60. soft: pale and gentle 61. somber: dark and dull 62. tinge: slight shading 63. tint: a variation of a color caused by the addition of white 64. tonal: pertaining to a tone 65. tonality: range of colors in a painting or image 66. tone: see shade 67. translucent: very light or pale or light 68. two-tone: having two colors 69. value: degree of brightness 70. vibrant: bright and colorful 71. violent: very bright, intense 72. vivid: very bright, strong 73. warm: containing red, orange, or yellow 74. washed out: pale, desaturated 75. watery: pale Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)Personification vs. Anthropomorphism

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy Multilateralism is diplomatic term that refers to cooperation among several nations. President Barack Obama has made multilateralism a central element of U.S. foreign policy under his administration. Given the global nature of multilateralism, multilateral policies are diplomatically intensive but offer the potential for great payoffs. History of U.S. Multilateralism Multilateralism is largely a post-World War II element of U.S. foreign policy. Such cornerstone U.S. policies as the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1903) were unilateral. That is, the United States issued the policies without the help, consent, or cooperation of other nations. American involvement in World War I, while it would seem to be a multilateral alliance with Great Britain and France, was in fact a unilateral venture. The U.S. declared war against Germany in 1917, almost three years after the war began in Europe; it cooperated with Great Britain and France simply because they had a common enemy; aside from combating the German spring offensive of 1918, it refused to follow the alliances old style of trench fighting; and, when the war ended, the U.S. negotiated a separate peace with Germany. When President Woodrow Wilson proposed a truly multilateral organization - The League of Nations - to prevent another such war, Americans refused to join. It smacked too much of the European alliance systems that had triggered World War I in the first place. The U.S. also stayed out of the World Court, a mediating organization with no real diplomatic weight. Only World War II pulled the U.S. toward multilateralism. It worked with Great Britain, the Free French, the Soviet Union, China and others in a real, cooperative alliance. At the end of the war, the U.S. became involved in a flurry of multilateral diplomatic, economic, and humanitarian activity. The U.S. joined the wars victors in the creation of: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, 1944The United Nations (UN), 1945The World Health Organization (WHO), 1948 The U.S. and its Western allies also created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. While NATO still exists, it originated as a military alliance to throw back any Soviet incursion into western Europe. The U.S. followed that up with the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Organization of American States (OAS). Although the OAS has major economic, humanitarian, and cultural aspects, both it and SEATO began as organizations through which the U.S. could prevent communism from infiltrating those regions. Uneasy Balance with Military Affairs SEATO and the OAS were technically multilateral groups. However, Americas political dominance of them tilted them toward unilateralism. Indeed, much of American Cold War policies - which revolved around containment of communism - tended in that direction. The United States entered the Korean War in the summer of 1950 with a United Nations mandate to push back a communist invasion of South Korea. Even so, the United States dominated the 930,000-man UN force: it supplied 302,000 men outright, and it outfitted, equipped, and trained the 590,000 South Koreans involved. Fifteen other countries provided the rest of the manpower. American involvement in Vietnam, coming without a UN mandate, was entirely unilateral. Both U.S. ventures in Iraq - the Persian Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraqi War that began in 2003 - had the multilateral backing of the UN and the involvement of coalition troops. However, the United States supplied the majority of troops and equipment during both wars. Regardless of label, both ventures have the appearance and feel of unilateralism. Risk Vs. Success Unilateralism, obviously, is easy - a country does what it wants. Bilateralism - policies enacted by two parties - are also relatively easy. Simple negotiations reveal what each party wants and does not want. They can quickly resolve differences and move ahead with policy. Multilateralism, however, is complicated. It must consider the diplomatic needs of many nations. Multilateralism is much like trying to arrive at a decision in a committee at work, or perhaps working on an assignment in a group in a college class. Inevitably arguments, divergent goals, and cliques can derail the process. But when the whole succeeds, the results can be amazing. The Open Government Partnership A proponent of multilateralism, President Obama has initiated two new U.S.-led multilateral initiatives. The first is the Open Government Partnership. The Open Government Partnership (OGP) seeks to secure transparent government functioning around the globe. Its declaration proclaims the OGP is committed to the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention against Corruption, and other applicable international instruments related to human rights and good governance. The OGP wants to: Increase accessibility to governmental information,Support non-discriminatory civic participation in governmentPromote professional integrity within governmentsUse technology to promote openness and accountability of governments. Eight nations now belong to the OGP. They are the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, the Philippines, Norway, Mexico, Indonesia, and Brazil. Global Counterterrorism Forum The second of Obamas recent multilateral initiatives is the Global Counterterrorism Forum. The forum is essentially a place where states practicing counterterrorism can convene to share information and practices. Announcing the forum on September 22, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, We need a dedicated global venue to regularly convene key counterterrorism policy makers and practitioners from around the world. We need a place where we can identify essential priorities, devise solutions, and chart a path to implementation of best practices. The forum has set four major goals in addition to sharing information. Those are: Discover how to develop justice systems rooted in the rule of law but effective against terrorism.Find cooperative ways to globally understand the radicalization of ideals, terrorist recruitment.Find ways to strengthen weaknesses - such as border security - that terrorists exploit.Ensure dynamic, strategic thinking and action about counterterrorism efforts.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Assessed research Exercise in Law of Property Case Study

Assessed research Exercise in Law of Property - Case Study Example Ann and Claire remained in the house and continued to make the mortgage payments between them. The nature of their relationship changed. In 2005 they became registered civil partners. In 2007, following the death of Ann's sister, Ann's niece, Nora, now aged 8, came to live with them. I am a trainee in the firm of solicitors consulted by Ann and Claire. My principal has asked me to research the relevant law and report to the principal on the legal principles and relevant case and statue law as to: a) What are the current legal and beneficial interests in the house, and b) On the basis that Joe and Tina have an interest in the house, whether they could enforce a sale of the house. After Brenda's untimely death in 2000, the current legal and beneficial interests in the house are Ann and Claire. Brenda's parents, Joe and Tina, now have her properties but there is no mention about the house. Do Joe and Tina have any claim on the house Joe and Tina do not pay Brenda's share of the mortgage instalments although they have reportedly expressed the view that they want the house sold obviously to recover Brenda's share in the property. The roots of the problem lies in the absence of organized thinking on the part of Ann, Claire and Brenda on the action to be followed in case they are left in a position where either one of them or all of them are unable to pay the mortgage instalments. This is just one part of the problem. The bigger problem is the lack of planning about their respective rights in the property. The women have a close relationship based on love and understanding and have given little thought to the possibility of separation or the legal consequence of one of them dying or the claims of creditors on the shared home. In order to deal with the inadequacies of the current law, there is the attempt to devise a scheme which would operate to identify and quantify the parties' beneficial interests in circumstances where no express arrangements have been made. This scheme is based on an objective assessment of the economic value of the contributions made by each party sharing the home. The contributions which would qualify are to be widely defined. The court would then be able to define and declare the parties' interests by reference to the contributions made. The scheme is not intended to give the court the discretion to adjust or to re-allocate property rights. Notwithstanding the current law's position, as joint tenants, Ann, Claire and Brenda have equal share in the house. With the death of Brenda, the survivors, Ann and Claire, take over the property (Joint Tenancy). On the basis that Joe and Tina have an interest in the house, whether they could enforce a sale of the house Besides Brenda's

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Analysis a case study with reference to Bolman and deal four frames

Analysis a with reference to Bolman and deal four frames - Case Study Example In their work, Bolman and Deal (2003) found out an excellent approach in imparting both academic and entrepreneurial discipline in an individual professional. The balance upon attainment of these techniques results in good management qualities from an individual. The main objective of the skills acquisition is to ensure a smooth transition from clinical practice into new management roles. This study attempts to summarize the Four Frames in order to make a highlight of the distinct qualities that an individual must adopt to perform effective managerial roles. As a practicing clinician, one may feel the burden of moving into a new position of a senior manager since it requires some skills to transform from an ordinary practitioner into a more specialized role of a senior manager. To achieve this new role, Parry and Horton (1999), confirmed that holistic leadership and desired characteristics thereof involves assumption of greater importance to academics. The said leadership requires engagement ability and diverse approach to solve the difficult decision making problem. The tasks and roles that the new manager has to face require enlightenment that will best be suited by the use of Bolman and Deal recommended variety of approaches (Curran et al 2003). As a clinician, to make the relevant transformation, one must change the mindset and adopt the best leadership and management practices as outlined in Bolman and Deal (2003) study. Caution and confidence must be exercised. This is because some conflicts and relationship issues are involved as highlighted below. There are a number of conflicting issues involved as the clinician tries to adapt into the new unfamiliar managerial duties. These challenges have been classified into their respective Bolman and Deal Frames and possible solutions follow in form of qualities to adopt from Bolman and Deal (2003) study. Conservative versus change conflict: the manager

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

How is Text Messaging Affecting Teen Literacy Research Paper

How is Text Messaging Affecting Teen Literacy - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that as the microprocessor was being developed, information flow between people was at a higher speed and communication flourished. The entry of the internet saw a change in the entire literacy face. People no longer read books, magazines and newspapers but they are reading online. Recent developments in internet technology have seen an emergence of different ways of communication. People no longer sit down and read lengthy novels as literacy has come to be characterised by short texts on phones and computers. A 2009 study of the University of Alabama found that â€Å"Text messaging has surely given our society a quick means through which to communicate, taking out the need for capitalisation, punctuation, the use and knowledge of sentence structure and the detail that make good statements great†. The current world has seen literacy get its definition from the technology that is used to transfer it. A text message language differs from that of an email. Formal language may still be present in the 21st century but it is probably different from the formal language of the 1950s. In the year 2011, the Oxford English Dictionary included an additional text speak lingo in its lexicon. They include LOL – laugh out loud, OMG – oh my god/gosh/goodness, FYI – for your information, BFF – best friends forever, and IMHO – in my honest/humble opinion. Furthermore, the study revealed that some of the expressions used have a history that shows different usage of the same acronyms. For instance, the st

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Doubt Is The Father Of Invention

Doubt Is The Father Of Invention Galileo Galilei once said, Doubt is the father of invention. Thus we can say that, doubt is one of the factors which can influence the expansion of knowledge. For me I believe doubt sometimes tends to call on reason and somehow encourages people to hesitate before acting or belief. Thus we can say that doubt is the key to knowledge where with the feeling of doubt, people feel uncertain on something and try as possible they can in order to falsify and find the certainty.Nathan Salmon (1995) proposes that a believer has a grasp of a proposition and has attempted consciously to choose between the proposition and its negation.  [2]  From these definition we can claim that, by doubt it actually can triggers the feel of unbelief and then, from this , the knowledge of something will be invented when further investigation is conduct. I believe the words key to knowledge from the phrase is refer to ability of doubt which can triggers and progress to an understanding on something. Science subjects either Natural Science or Human Science are the possible area of knowledge which follows a pattern in the growth of knowledge with the presence of uncertainty beyond any suspicion. In Natural Science area, yes, I believe presence of doubt is the key to knowledge. For example, in atomic model theory, Bohr state that electrons in atom move in shells around the nucleus which contains protons. But since he invent it, many scientists feels doubt with the law and try to argue and invent new law by the improvement of scientific revolutionary as they feel uncertain towards Bohrs result. For example, in Quantum Physical Models of atom, many scientist try to explain the concept in better way like Erwin Schrodinger who are fascinated by this idea and approach the spectral phenomena that Bohrs failed to explain.  [3]  James Chadwick also feel something is lack towards the model .He search for unanswered questions related to it. So he found Bohrs atomic model cannot be apply as new theory that can be proven to work with the newly acquired knowledge. He proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in nucleus. This shows that doubt aids us in the search for new knowledge, as the idea of absolute certainty lead to more questions revolving around it. It also happened to me. In my real life situation, as an IB student before starting on an experiment, hypothesis or expectation is made up to guess the result based on the existence knowledge that is theoretically proven by the experts. Somehow, at the beginning of the experiment, doubt may be influenced towards the hypothesis whether it does fit the result. Thus because of the doubt, experiment is conducted and it is such a progress towards a knowledge on knowing and proven something. The result that I gained in any experiments also always makes me feel doubt about its validity and certainty. Through the feeling of doubtful, further investigation is carried out. Thus, to reduced uncertainty due to limitations, the experiment is conduct in many times and this lead to new knowledge by finding the truth of outcome by verify a certain hypothesis and reduce the doubt one has about the theory. Apart from that, in Human sciences, doubt also can influence as the key to knowledge. Humans will change and Human sciences are based on humans the theories behind human sciences which will have to be changed. For example, urbanization that created by human. Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. It may refer to a geographical area combining urban and rural parts, or to the transformation of an individual locality from less to more urban  [4]  . For example, in real life situation, Port Harcourt, one of Nigerias major cities has been experiencing rapid urbanization since 1913 in which engulfing and transforming the way of life of the indigenous enclaves, which predate the founding of the city. Through this process, doubt plays a role as the initiator on the study of urbanization. The study from researchers, concluded that urbanization has indeed had both positive and negative impacts on the indigenous population and that there was reasonable agree ment between subjective and objective impacts of urbanization  [5]  . From this it shown that with the presence of doubt, it is such a progress of knowing something on expecting the consequences. Politics also in human science cause uncertainties. Leaders in most countries consist of the leader or founder of the politic parties. For example, in Thailand, there is a political dispute between two parties. Based on what happened, I think, the leaders of each party have their own aims, issues, propaganda and planning of the direction of the countrys flow. Therefore, that is not necessarily for the direction of the countrys system will remain the same after the political changes during election. Thus, the uncertainties in the direction of countrys administration and future planning will be available when the different leader takes over. These changes occur because of the implementation of political parties to lead the country which cause by doubt. Then, there is legislation that established to observe and control the direction of the progress of state. Doubt that created will be the key to knowledge as to reduce uncertainties. But somehow, doubt also does not always act as the key to knowledge. Knowledge also can be learnt through various processes. For example, with the presence of curiosity it also can be the key to knowledge. Curiosity is designed for progression or natural law of our being, and whoever retrogrades is acting contrary to his nature such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in human. Strong curiosity is the main motivation of many scientists. In fact, in its development as wonder or admiration, it is generally curiosity that makes a human being want to become an expert in a field of knowledge. For example, James Newton and his law of gravitivity, he very felt curious why apple is falling down and not rising upward. Thus with the presence of curiosity of knowing something, through the process of basic scientific method, he observed and investigate, make generalization to create theory about behave of things fall downward. Then, he came out with Newtons law an d the concept of gravity. Anyhow, without thought of doubtful, true would forever elude us and play important role in our life especially to intervene something. Doubt is, however, something that we can take credit for in order to discover the true in any subjects, for example in Sciences either natural or human sciences. It is a natural human property rather than something we can learn. Genetics provide that so long as our mind is properly functional we will have these functions, although there are some other factors which act as the key to knowledge. From the argument above, we can conclude, somehow doubt is the key to knowledge to our daily life. (1203 words)

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Breakdown of Mental Health and Stability Essay -- Stress Stressing

The Breakdown of Mental Health and Stability Progress has always been an essential component in modern society. At times it is equivalent to success, learning, and overall growth. In the field of science, progress is measured by comparisons to what was known before, what is known now, and what can be known in the future. Therefore, one could say that much progress was made in the field of science in terms of understanding the functions of the human brain and some of its behavior. It seems that as each new day passes, something new is discovered about the brain, whether it be a new mental or physiological brain condition, or merely a link and clue to one of the vast number of questions the world has considering the human brain and behavior. These discoveries and answers are becoming more and more important and imperative due to the fact that the overall population seems to becoming more and more emotionally fragile and more subject to several cerebral ills such as depression, anxiety, hysteria, and clinical insanity. A good question to ask is whether or not the overall population seems to be suffering more mental and cerebral ills, or that it is merely a result of more cases being reported and more statistics calculated. But if it is true that the number of people suffering from conditions or types of behavior which hinder their ability to go on with their everyday lives, what is the cause? And when we find the cause, what is the cure? Or how will society as a whole handle it? A possible theory is to look at the correlation between the rate of growth and process in modern society and the stress level of the average individual. Another question to ask is what exactly is the role stress plays in an individ... ...raising the levels of anxiety and depression amongst the population. Perhaps evolution will take hold and those with brains and systems more well adapt to handling this relatively new level of stress will flourish, making our society stronger. Or it could have a reverse effect, making society weaker in the process. Hopefully stress and it's harmful effects will be brought to attention more by the scientific community and as a whole society will do something about it or risk suffering from the potential set backs. Sources Cited: 1)Physiological Effects of Stress http://tm.cme.edu/03.html 2)Holistic-online http://holistic-online.com/stress/stress_GAS.htm 3)http://www.brainsource.com/stress_&_health.htm 4)Neurobiology of Stress http://www.biopsychiatry.com/stress.htm 5)http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/psychology/stress/symptoms-of-anxiety.asp The Breakdown of Mental Health and Stability Essay -- Stress Stressing The Breakdown of Mental Health and Stability Progress has always been an essential component in modern society. At times it is equivalent to success, learning, and overall growth. In the field of science, progress is measured by comparisons to what was known before, what is known now, and what can be known in the future. Therefore, one could say that much progress was made in the field of science in terms of understanding the functions of the human brain and some of its behavior. It seems that as each new day passes, something new is discovered about the brain, whether it be a new mental or physiological brain condition, or merely a link and clue to one of the vast number of questions the world has considering the human brain and behavior. These discoveries and answers are becoming more and more important and imperative due to the fact that the overall population seems to becoming more and more emotionally fragile and more subject to several cerebral ills such as depression, anxiety, hysteria, and clinical insanity. A good question to ask is whether or not the overall population seems to be suffering more mental and cerebral ills, or that it is merely a result of more cases being reported and more statistics calculated. But if it is true that the number of people suffering from conditions or types of behavior which hinder their ability to go on with their everyday lives, what is the cause? And when we find the cause, what is the cure? Or how will society as a whole handle it? A possible theory is to look at the correlation between the rate of growth and process in modern society and the stress level of the average individual. Another question to ask is what exactly is the role stress plays in an individ... ...raising the levels of anxiety and depression amongst the population. Perhaps evolution will take hold and those with brains and systems more well adapt to handling this relatively new level of stress will flourish, making our society stronger. Or it could have a reverse effect, making society weaker in the process. Hopefully stress and it's harmful effects will be brought to attention more by the scientific community and as a whole society will do something about it or risk suffering from the potential set backs. Sources Cited: 1)Physiological Effects of Stress http://tm.cme.edu/03.html 2)Holistic-online http://holistic-online.com/stress/stress_GAS.htm 3)http://www.brainsource.com/stress_&_health.htm 4)Neurobiology of Stress http://www.biopsychiatry.com/stress.htm 5)http://www.lifepositive.com/Mind/psychology/stress/symptoms-of-anxiety.asp

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Psy/310 Perspectives Paper Essay

Each psychological perspective has pioneers who have done the research to not only present the perspective, but to also prove how beneficial it is. John B. Watson is one of the great pioneers who created and popularized the behavioral perspective. He had many followers who believed in what he said, including B.F. Skinner. Although Skinner was truly influenced by Watson, he had his own ideas and theories that he later proved to be extremely persuasive. With the domination of the behavioral perspective, there also came skepticism, including one skeptic by the name of Edward C. Tolman. Tolman later introduced cognitive psychology, which is still a staple in modern day psychology. John B. Watson did not have the most ideal childhood. Perhaps this is why he later went on to become the mouthpiece for the movement that came to be called behaviorism (Goodwin, 2008, p. #338). He was born in 1878, just outside of Greenville, South Carolina. His father was a farmer with severe issues, such as a lcoholism, adultery, and anger. His mother was an extremely religious woman who pushed a future in the faith onto Watson. Although Watson was a bright young man, entering Furman University at the age of 16, he was well known as a troublemaker. Watson went on to earn his master’s degree in 1900 before entering the University of Chicago. His intention was to study philosophy and psychology but later decided to focus on functionalist psychology. Watson had a profound interest in animals and found himself extremely comfortable in studying their behaviors, rather than those of human subjects. Watson’s doctoral dissertation, codirected by Henry Donaldson and James Angell, was a study of the relationship between cortical development and learning in young white rats (Goodwin, 2008, p. #338). White rats were thought to be incapable of â€Å"associative learning† because their brains contained very few myelinated axons. Watson’s studies later proved this to be wrong, in fact, proving that a white rat’s ability to form associations improved in their fourth week of life, as opposed to the first few weeks. Watson later published his results as Animal Education: An Experimental Study of the Psychical Development of the White Rat, Correlated with the Growth of Its Nervous System. This publication earned him his doctorate and the opportunity to remain at the University of Chicago as an instructor. Burrhus Frederick Skinner’s upbringing was a little different than that of John B. Watson. Skinner was born in 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His father was a successful lawyer and his mother was a homemaker, together they were a very image conscious married couple who often worried about what others thought. Skinner was a very intelligent individual and an independent thinker. He questioned anything that was not supported with sound evidence. His high school principle strongly recommend ed him to New York’s Hamilton College, stating that Skinner was â€Å"passionately fond of arguing with his teachers. He is quite a reader and although I do not think he actually supposes himself wiser than his teachers, I have found him [to give] that impression†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Goodwin, 2008, p. #383). After his initial unhappiness with Hamilton’s atmosphere, Skinner realized that he had a passion for creative writing. Skinner decided to take a year off after his graduation to just write. He moved back home with his parents and later referred to this time as his â€Å"dark year†. Skinner’s parents were concerned about what people thought of their son moving back home without a job, while Skinner was concerned with the pressure of his parents expecting him to be productive in this year. In this year, Skinner read a number of articles and became intrigued with behaviorism. This intrigue motivated him to pursue graduate studies in psychology at Harvard. As Skinner moved up the ladder, from a graduate student to a university fellow, his attitude toward authority never changed. Not impressed by the work of E.G. Boring, he referred to Boring’s perception course as â€Å"simply painful† and lamented that Boring spent three entire lectures explaining a single visual illusion (Goodwin, 2008, p. #384). Skinner published his first book in 1938, The Behavior of Organisms, which summarized his years of research at Harvard. He later returned to Harvard, in 1948, and remained active until his death in 1990. Edward C. Tolman was born in 1886 in a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. Tolman came from a very stable and healthy family. His father was a successful business executive, while his mother provided a solid moral foundation for the family. Tolman was extremely intelligent and talented, graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1911 with a degree in electrochemistry. There were two reasons why Tolman decided to stray from a career in the field of electrochemistry. The first reason was the competition that would ensue with his brother, Richard Tolman, who later contributed to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II (Goodwin, 2008, p. #364). The second reason lies in Tolman’s discovery of William James, often referred to as the father of American psychology. Following his graduation from MIT, Tolman enrolled in two summer courses at Harvard. The first was a philosophy course and the second was an introductory course in psychology. Robert Yerkes was the professor for this psychology course. Not only the professor, but also the reason Tolman was sold on psychology and decided to enter graduate school at Harvard. Tolman went on to earn his doctorate degree in 1915 from H arvard. Watson’s publication, Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, made Tolman see behaviorism as an attractive alternative to the traditional introspective psychology he was encountering in Hugo Munsterberg’s laboratory (Goodwin, 2008, p. #364). Edward Holt was a major influence on the Tolman’s beliefs. Holt believed that Watsonian behaviorism was too reductionistic and argued that behavior should be defined more broadly as actions that serve some purpose (Goodwin, 2008). Great deals of Holt’s beliefs were adopted by Tolman and later became the core of Tolman’s theory of learning. Later on, Tolman would be launched down the behavioristic slope after being given the opportunity to develop a new course and remembering Yerks’ course and Watson’s textbook. With such different backgrounds growing up, these three men definitely have similarities they share as well. Watson, Skinner, and Tolman each have their own connection to the behaviorist perspective in one way or another. Watson and Skinner each believe that an individual’s behavior can be conditioned in certain ways. For example, Watson was a firm believer in classical conditioning, while Skinner developed operant conditioning. After extensive research on animals, particularly rats, Watson performed an experiment on Little Albert to test his theory or classical conditioning. Aside from the ethical issues of experimenting on an infant, Watson was successful in proving his theory correct. Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear, not only the white furry rat, but anything else that resembled the rat in any way. This fear was elicited by the loud noise that was associated with the presence of the furry rat. Skinner’s beliefs differed in the sense that he believed an individual’s behavior is influenced primarily by the consequence following that particular behavior. For example, if it is a negative effect the behavior is less likely to occur again. If it is a positive consequence that follows that behavior, the chances of the behavior repeating are more likely. This is the premise of operant conditioning. Tolman’s trademark was little different because he introduced the cognitive theory to the world of psychology. Tolman too performed experiments on rats and their ability to run through complex mazes in order to gain a different type of understanding on how their brains register and use the knowledge they obtain. Repetition of the same routines everyday are overlooked. It is only when something is sought after in these routines that an individual or animal is able to recognize what they have previously learned. This is what Tolman believed to be a type of cognitive learning. Although primary behaviorism therapy is not popular today, behaviorism has been incorporated with cognitive therapy to develop cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of treatment that focuses on examining the relationships between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Duckworth, MD & Freedman, MD, 2012, p. #1). This is a very popular type of therapy today, especially with treating schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and also different types of anxiety disorders. One of the greatest benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy is the ability to allow the patient to work with the clinician in developing the most useful treatment plan. It is almost like an active intervention where the patie nt is a little more active in the planning of treatment options. This can sometimes require the patient to do different types of homework on their own. Watson, Skinner, and Tolman have definitely opened up the psychology world to so many different perspectives and theories. Although each perspective may have its different flaws or drawbacks, together they contribute what each lacks when standing alone. Without Watsons initial research, Skinner may not have been influenced to theorize such perspectives as operant conditioning. In turn, Tolman may have not had the chance to develop what we now call cognitive behavioral therapy. Each stepping stone has added a little more history to the world of psychology to make it what it is today. These are just three of the men that can be attributed for the extensive time and research responsible for this said history. References Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Duckworth, MD, K., & Freedman, MD, J.L. (2012, July). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. National Alliance on Mental Illness, N/A (N/A), 1-2. Retrieved from: http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=About_Treatments_and_Supports&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=141590

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Petrol Price Hike Effect on Business

http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=AEjXDCNww9c&feature=related Operating margins:  Ramping up diesel capacity will also require large capital expenditure. This will mean a large capital expenditure outlay, putting pressure on operating margins in the short-term. Given the tight liquidity and high interest rates in the domestic market, and a falling rupee, borrowing costs will also likely be higher whether it is in domestic or foreign currency. Unit sales:  Most Indian automakers rely heavily on petrol driven vehicles. This is particularly true of two-wheeler makers, whose entire portfolio is based on petrol engines.The new price hike could deter buyers from opting for petrol cars and two-wheelers. This will directly impact revenues and profits for automakers that have a petrol-heavy portfolio. Segment growth:  The petrol segment has already retreated by 14 per cent in fiscal 2012, while diesel car sales have grown 37 per cent. With the petrol price hike, the growth in the diesel segment is only expected to grow. Even a hike in diesel prices, which some experts are saying is likely as early as Friday, will still keep diesel cheaper than petrol.Too steep a hike in diesel will push up inflation, which the government is keen to avoid. Small car demand:  This is the only bright spot for automakers. In a situation where petrol prices are in the vicinity of Rs 80, demand for small cars will likely increase, since fuel typically accounts for about 50 per cent of running costs. Apart from space and environmental concerns, especially in urban centres, small cars are highly fuel efficient, which appeals to the highly value-   and budge-conscious Indian buyer.Small cars with diesel engines will be in even higher demand. They continue to be a worried bunch and their fears are not unfounded, for petrol getting out of reach for many people means there will be more diesel vehicles on the road in the years to come. This will have an adverse impact on the environment as diesel engine emissions are over three times more toxic than petrol. This has been collated by Centre for Science and Environment's analysis of the 2010-11 car sales data, which revealed that the demand for diesel-run SUVs has gone up.Also, 85% of petrol cars sold during the period had engine sizes smaller than 1200 cc. â€Å"We are extremely concerned about the huge petrol price hike. While fuel price reforms can help, in this case there is partial reform which is dangerous. There is already a dieselization of the car segment. â€Å"WHO and many other public health organizations have already that diesel emissions are carcinogenic. There is a really high public health risk,† said executive director, research and policy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. People are buying big diesel cars, of engine size above 1500cc. They are not feeling the pinch because diesel is cheap. The subsidy on diesel is absolutely unacceptable,† she added. As of now 13 cities in the country comply w ith Bharat stage IV norms and  the rest  follow Bharat stage III norms. â€Å"The pollutants that are of major concern are particulate matter and nitrous oxide (NO2). Diesel cars are legally allowed to emit these pollutants more than petrol. In fact the legal limit NO2 for diesel cars is three times higher than for petrol cars,† explained Anumita.But the fact that diesel is more fuel efficient and gives better mileage masks the down side of increase in diesel cars. Professor L M Das of the Centre for Energy Studies, IIT Delhi says â€Å"Diesel contains more energy than petrol and the vehicle's engine combustion process is more efficient, adding up to higher fuel efficiency and lower  CO2 emissions  when using diesel. But the pollutants emitted from diesel and petrol are characteristically different. While petrol emits more carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons, diesel emits more smoke and particulate matter that have worse health impacts. Diesel is also more fuel eff icient giving out a mileage that is nearly 50% more than petrol. Dealers also agree that the demand for diesel cars has soared. â€Å"The demand for diesel cars in every segment has gone up. While demand for diesel cars has gone up by 15%, petrol car demand has dropped by 20%. Even people who are buying cars worth Rs 50 to Rs 60 lakh are opting for diesel cars. â€Å"Todsay we got many calls enquiring about diesel cars. Only people who want to buy small cars are opting for petrol cars,† said Ravinder, owner of Motosyics in Karol Bagh.Another car dealer, Sanjeev Nath Bhel owner of Rajnath automobiles in Vasant Kunj said that he has started getting calls almost every second enquiring about models of diesel cars. â€Å"There is a huge surge in the demand for diesel cars. It's also because diesel gives better mileage. People are mostly opting for middle segment diesel cars ,† he said. The negative sentiment is echoed by auto industry officials who feel the rollback notwit hstanding the current high petrol prices will have a serious impact on the auto industry and petrol car sales. Around 75 per cent of  Maruti Suzuki  sales come from petrol cars,† said Mayank Pareek, Head-Marketing, Maruti Suzuki. â€Å"Last year, due to petrol price increase, there was a drop of 15 per cent in the sale of our petrol cars. At the same time, diesel sales for the industry are growing. While diesel capacity is being over utilised, petrol car capacity remains under utilised,† he added. While companies like  Hyundai and Tata are offering discounts and special schemes  on its petrol models to stimulate demand, Maruti plans to make up for the decline in petrol car sales by increasing its diesel volumes. Last year, we sold around 2. 43 lakh units of diesel cars. This year will sell 4 lakh diesel cars, said Pareek. However, even that plan stands in jeopardy with the Finance ministry mulling an increase in the excise duty on diesel vehicles. According to f igures compiled by the government, passenger cars and SUVs account for 15 per cent of diesel consumption – a claim that has been rejected by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM). The industry body says that personal cars make up for only 1 per cent of the total diesel consumption in the country while SUVs and taxis account for 5 per cent.Currently, diesel cars attract excise duty ranging from 12 per cent to 27 per cent based on their size and engine capacity. With diesel cars already commanding a higher price than petrol models (which in turn amounts to higher revenues for the state), a hike in duty will only end up reducing demand for passengers cars overall. Read more:  Duty on diesel cars may go up The negative sentiment is echoed by auto industry officials who feel the rollback notwithstanding the current high petrol prices will have a serious impact on the auto industry and petrol car sales. Around 75 per cent of  Maruti Suzuki  sales come from petrol cars,† said Mayank Pareek, Head-Marketing, Maruti Suzuki. â€Å"Last year, due to petrol price increase, there was a drop of 15 per cent in the sale of our petrol cars. At the same time, diesel sales for the industry are growing. While diesel capacity is being over utilised, petrol car capacity remains under utilised,† he added. While companies like  Hyundai and Tata are offering discounts and special schemes  on its petrol models to stimulate demand, Maruti plans to make up for the decline in petrol car sales by increasing its diesel volumes. Last year, we sold around 2. 43 lakh units of diesel cars. This year will sell 4 lakh diesel cars, said Pareek. However, even that plan stands in jeopardy with the Finance ministry mulling an increase in the excise duty on diesel vehicles. According to figures compiled by the government, passenger cars and SUVs account for 15 per cent of diesel consumption – a claim that has been rejected by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM). The industry body says that personal cars make up for only 1 per cent of the total diesel consumption in the country hile SUVs and taxis account for 5 per cent. Currently, diesel cars attract excise duty ranging from 12 per cent to 27 per cent based on their size and engine capacity. With diesel cars already commanding a higher price than petrol models (which in turn amounts to higher revenues for the state), a hike in duty will only end up reducing demand for passengers cars overall. Read more:  Duty on diesel cars may go up In the short-term, sales will be further impacted while in the long term a negative consumer sentiment will be created which can hurt the growth of the industry, he added.Expressing similar sentiments, General Motors India Vice President P Balendran said: â€Å"Earlier, the industry was expecting a growth of 8-10 per cent this fiscal but I will not be surprised if we are in the negative territory due to fuel price hike and high interes t rates as the market continues to be sluggish. † This will result in inventory pile up of  petrol  vehicles as more and more consumers will opt for diesel vehicles, he added.Describing the latest price hike as a â€Å"disaster†,  Maruti Suzuki  India Managing Executive Officer, Marketing and Sales Mayank Pareek said: â€Å"This will further increase the skew between petrol and diesel vehicle demand, which is already very wide. This will severely affect the sales of entry level cars, which are mainly petrol driven. † Last year, the petrol segment declined by 16. 2 per cent as the demand shifted to diesel vehicles. Now there will be more demand for diesel cars after the price hike but most of the manufacturers are running on full capacity for diesel vehicles, he added.Pareek said the overall impact of the price hike would further dent growth of the automobile industry. Hyundai Motor  India Ltd Director Marketing and Sales Arvind Saxena said: â€Å"Deman d is already under pressure on account of inflation and high interest rates. A hike of such magnitude is neither good for the customer nor for industry. † Passenger car sales in India witnessed the slowest growth during April in 10 years at 3. 4 per cent as customer sentiment remained low due to post-Budget price hikes and high interest rates, affecting the entry-level segment most.As per  SIAM  figures, domestic passenger car sales stood at 1, 68,351 units in April 2012 compared to 1,62,813 units in the same month last year. In the fiscal 2011-12, car sales in India grew by just 2. 19 per cent which was the slowest since 2008-09. â€Å"The company has already asked the R& D department to speed up the work, and if required, it may also go for a third party arrangement,† the source said. In the last one year, the price of petrol has gone up considerably fuelling the demand for diesel cars, which account for more than 60 per cent sales at present.Honda has no diesel v ariant in its stable, which is becoming a big disadvantage for the company. Honda Brio will become the first car to have the diesel engine followed by City and Jazz. â€Å"With the  huge surge in the price of petrol, there is a massive demand for the diesel model. We are already giving discount on our cars but it is not possible beyond a point,† a marketing official from Honda said. Honda is not the only company to advance launch of diesel cars . Renault has also advanced the unveiling of its diesel model. Even Volkswagen is looking for models that run on other fuels like CNG.Others are trying to sweeten the deal with various discounts and offers. Sale of diesel vehicles in the country jumped by 35 per cent last fiscal while that of petrol variants dropped by 15 per cent. The sale of petrol cars will see further decline with the latest hike of ` 7. 50 per litre. A day after the increase, Hyundai announced a â€Å"petrol price lock assurance programme† that will insul ate its customers from the new fuel price rise for the next seven months. The programme covers people who will buy petrol models of Eon, Santro, i10, i20, Accent and Verna till May 31. The hike of this magnitude is neither good for the industry nor customers,† Arvind Saxena, director, marketing and sales, Hyundai Motor India, said. Other automobile manufacturers have already started giving discounts and freebies on petrol models and could introduce more such offers following the hike of petrol . According to automobile body Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), there is a need for the government to reconsider its proposal for such a steep increase in the price of petrol. There is a need to seriously consider the option of a moderate increase in the price of diesel before it impacts the growth of the industry,† SIAM said. In a statement, Siam said that there is a requirement to look at the petroleum product pricing policy in a comprehensive manner and remove distortions so that downstream products market do not get disturbed. â€Å"The need of the hour is to bite the bullet by reducing the price hike on petrol and revising the price of diesel, which will bring in more revenue for the government as well as some level of parity between the two competing fuels for the industry,† SIAM said.However, manufacturers lament that they are not in a position to absorb the currency changes and mounting import bill, and have no other option but to pass on the impact to the customers. While  Toyota Kirloskar Motors  and  General Motors India  are expected to announce price hikes soon, others such as Maruti  SuzukiIndia and  Hyundai Motor  are likely to follow suit. â€Å"We have been facing cost pressures over the last few months and have decided to hike the prices. The quantum is yet to be finalised, but the hike should come into effect from June,† said Toyota Kirloskar Motors deputy MD (marketing) Sandeep Singh.General Mo tors has decided to increase prices from June 1, but is temporarily revisiting decision in the light of massive increase in petrol prices. â€Å"We are re-considering plans to increase prices from June as customers are hit by the massive increase in the prices of petrol. We do not want to create a double whammy for customers and are planning to postpone the hike till the conditions improve in the domestic market,† says General Motors vice-president (corporate affairs) P Balendran. Car companies had increased prices by up to 1. 5% to 3 in January this year, but the real impact came after 2%-5% increase in excise in the Union Budget. While most cars, including small hatchbacks, became expensive by Rs 6,000, the hike was up to Rs 5 lakh for top-end luxury segment. This resulted in overall sales falling to 168,351 units in April. Carmakers remain skeptical on market prospects with customers postponing new purchases. Country's largest carmaker, Maruti Suzuki, is too weighing its o ptions. â€Å"There are intense cost pressures with regard to import of important commodities like steel due to currency and other reasons,† said a senior Maruti executive.An analyst tracking the sector says another hike will badly hit the auto market, which is already crawling. â€Å"The market is already reeling under the price of petrol price hike, which has further dampened the sentiment after the Budget hike. Now another hike will hit the industry hard,† said a Mumbai-based analyst with a Brokerage firm. High petrol prices and weak consumer sentiment in the face of slowing economic growth dragged auto sales down in May. Car market leader Maruti Suzuki India Ltd led the decline with a 4. 3% drop in domestic sales to 89,478 units from a year earlier.Sales of Maruti’s petrol models such as WagonR, Alto and the 800, which make up a third of overall sales at the Indian subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corp. , shrank by 29%. India’s economy grew 5. 3% in January -March, the slowest pace in nine years, data released on Thursday showed. Slowing growth has dampened consumer sentiment; high petrol prices and interest rates have deterred car buyers, who are increasingly preferring diesel models. Analysts say car sales will take a further hit in the months ahead after oil marketing companies increased the price of petrol by as much as  Rs. 7. 50 per litre on 23 May.The steep increase in fuel cost, combined with a recent increase in vehicle prices (due to rising input costs and an excise duty increase), has resulted in a 6% increase in the total cost of ownership of petrol cars over the past four-to-five months, wrote Joseph George, an analyst at IIFL Institutional Equities. â€Å"We cut our volume growth estimate for the car industry (excluding utility vehicles) from 16% to 12%. We also expect demand to further shift from petrol to diesel vehicles. † Sales at Hyundai Motor India Ltd, the second largest car maker by unit sales, rose 3% to 32,010 units in May compared with a year ago.Arvind Saxena, director of marketing and sales at Hyundai Motor India, said: â€Å"The recent hike in petrol prices has depressed market sentiment, with the macroeconomic indicators providing no cause for cheer. The demand outlook doesn’t look very bright. † Meanwhile, driven by sales of the Nano small car, passenger vehicle sales at Tata Motors Ltd rose 6% to 20,503 units compared to May 2011. The fuel efficient car billed as the world’s cheapest, contributed 41% of Tata Motors’ total sales in May. Nano sales rose 31% to 8,507 units.Utility vehicle market leader Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd kept up its strong sales momentum, posting an increase of 27% to 21,154 units in the month from a year ago. The company’s portfolio of models is predominantly diesel-fuelled, shielding it from the effect of the hike in petrol prices. Sales at General Motors India Pvt. Ltd and Ford India Pvt. Ltd dropped 27% and 14%, re spectively, to 6,079 and 6,036 units. At Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd, sales doubled to 15,051 units, buoyed by the company’s Innova and Fortuner models and partly because of a relatively low base last year. To stave off the impact of the weakening rupee, Toyota has undertaken a 1% increase in the prices of Etios diesel and Innova and a 0. 5% increase in Fortuner and Etios Liva, diesel, with effect from 1 June. † said Sandeep Singh, deputy managing director-marketing. Albeit on a low base, sales at Nissan Motor India Pvt. Ltd, too, increased 98% to 3,138 units in May. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the sluggish sales in the overall two-wheeler market, Hero MotoCorp Ltd continued its strong sales trajectory, despatching 556,644 motorcycles and scooters—an expansion of 11. 3% over the corresponding month last year. TVS Motor Co. eported a decline of 4. 3% to 176,012 units while Suzuki Motorcycle India Pvt. Ltd, on a small base of 36,746 units, saw an increase of 21% compared to a year ago. Bajaj Auto Ltd will report its sales figures next week. The 10-company auto index on  BSE Ltd  has dropped 18. 46% in the last one month, compared to a 7. 82% drop in the benchmark Sensex. Car firms are looking at raising the  prices of their diesel variantsas rupee depreciation has led to a hike in imported input costs and they have to make up for the discounts being offered on their petrol variants, which are not selling due to high fuels costs.While Toyota has announced that it will  hike the prices of its diesel models  from one to two per cent from June 1, other companies are expected to follow suit. This will be the third price hike since January this year. Diesel cars to drive industry growth: Ford â€Å"There is tremendous pressure on auto companies and a price hike is certain. The one-two per cent hike will be effective from June. However, we have not decided the exact amount by which prices will be raised across models,† Sandeep Si ngh, deputy managing director (marketing), Toyota Kirloskar Motors, said. There are rising input costs and then the depreciating rupee also adds to import bills for parts being sourced from abroad. Auto firms can't absorb cost beyond a point,† Singh explained. However, Singh has hinted that the hike will be more on the diesel variants than the petrol models. Prices of petrol models which are still selling well may also be increased. Others such as General Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motors had also hinted at hike in car prices from June onwards.Most car companies are loading their petrol variants with freebies and offering discounts ranging from Rs 3,000-Rs 50,000 depending on the demand for the model. Earlier in January, car manufacturers increased prices to the tune of 1. 5 to three per cent. It was followed by a second hike of two to five per cent to compensate for the excise duty hike proposed in the Budget. However car dealers are worried. â€Å"Another round of price hike is not going to help the sector in any way. Petrol car sales are at an all-time low and only diesel models are bringing in revenue.Any further price hike will dent the prospect of sale of diesel vehicles as well,† a General Motors showroom owner in south Delhi said. Even experts say that a price hike will further dampen the sentiment and sales prospects of the auto companies. â€Å"The significant hike in petrol price has already dampened the sentiment and increasing prices of vehicles will hit demand,† said Yaresh Kothari, auto analyst, Angel Broking. The hike in petrol rate and the proposed increase in diesel vehicles will make it difficult for the industry to achieve their sales growth target of 10-12